Chinese_Cultural_RelicsJade:妇好玉韘

Jade:妇好玉韘,c 12th BC, Shang Dynasty商朝(c16th-11th,century B.C.)\n妇好墓出土的数件武器中有一把龙纹大铜钺和一把虎纹铜钺。因为上面刻有\"妇好\"字样，所以断定是其生前曾使用过的武器。这两件武器一件重8.5公斤，另一件重9公斤。妇好使用如此重的兵器，可见其武艺超群，力大过人。而在妇好之后的中国女将，就再也没有使用大斧的了。\n商朝把祭祀和军事，视为国家的两件大事，所谓\"国之大事，在祀与戎，\"由于妇好有较高的文化修养，商王武丁经常令她主持祭祀，育读祭文，并被任命为卜官，刻写卜辞，在保存下来的甲骨文中，有些是出于妇好的手刻，她通过主持祭祀，而参与朝中的政治活动，成为武丁埋藏的一位女政治家。\n妇好还是一位军事家，她多次带兵出征，立下赫赫战功，卜辞有\"登妇好三千，登旅万乎伐羌\"的记载，意思是说，商王武丁征发妇好所属三千军队和其他士兵一万人，前往征伐羌国，在出土文物中发现有两把\"妇好\"的铜钺，每把重达八、九公斤，这在商朝是王权和军权的象征，有一次，武丁亲征巴方，令妇好设伏兵，巴军中伏，为妇好所歼灭，据殷墟出土的甲骨文卜辞记载，妇好曾多次主持各种类型和名目的祭祀活动，利用神权为商王朝统治服务。此外，妇好还多次受武丁派遣带兵打仗，北讨土方族，东南攻伐夷国，西南打败巴军，为商王朝拓展疆土立下汗马功劳。武丁对她十分宠爱，授予她独立的封邑，并经常向鬼神祈祷她健康长寿。然而，妇好还是先于武丁辞世。武丁十分痛心，把她葬在今河南安阳小屯村西北约100米处。墓葬被发掘，保存完好。除发掘出大量青铜器外，其中所出玉器共755件，是商代玉器出土最多、最集中的墓，另有63件石器、47件宝石器及象牙雕刻等物。\n妇好死后，武丁十分悲痛，每有军事行动，常通过祭祀祈祷妇好在天之灵助战，这也反映出妇好生前的名字，确足以威慑敌人，妇好死后，有独葬的巨大墓穴，而且享受独祭的隆礼，这在商朝也是少见的。\n武丁将她下葬在自己处理军政大事的宫室旁边，让自己随时都能看到妻子、日夜守护着她。\n即使如此，武丁仍然觉得自己守护的力量不够，不足以深达幽冥。\n于是，他率领儿孙们为妇好举行了一次又一次大规模的祭祀，并且为妇好举行了多次冥婚，将她的幽魂先后许配给了三位先商王：武丁的六世祖祖乙、十一世祖大甲、十三世祖成汤。\n在最后将妇好许配给成汤之后，武丁终于放下了心，认为有多达三位伟大的先人共同照看，妇好在阴世里能够得到安全和关怀了。\nFù Hǎo (婦好), posthumously Mu Xin (母辛), was a consort of King Wu Ding of the Shang Dynasty and, unusually for that time, also served as a military general and high priestess.\nHer tomb was unearthed at Yinxu (the ruins of the Shang capital, Yin) intact with treasures such as bronzes and jades.\nBiography\nLittle is known of the early life of Fu Hao. What is known is that King Wu Ding would cultivate the allegiance of neighbouring tribes by marrying one woman from each of them. Fu Hao entered the royal household through such a marriage and took advantage of the semi-matriarchal slave society to rise through the ranks. Fu Hao is known to modern scholars mainly from inscriptions on Shang Dynasty oracle bone artifacts unearthed at Yinxu.\nIn these inscriptions she is shown to have led numerous military campaigns. The Tu fought against the Shang for generations until they were finally defeated by Fu Hao in a single decisive battle. Further campaigns against the neighbouring Yi, Qiang and Ba followed, the latter is particularly remembered as the earliest recorded large scale ambush in Chinese history. With up to 13,000 troops and important generals Zhi and Hou Gao serving under her, she was the most powerful military leader of her time. This highly unusual status is confirmed by the many weapons, including great battle-axes, unearthed from her tomb.\nAlthough the Shang King exercised ultimate control over ritual matters, which were the most important political activity of the day, oracle bone inscription show that Wu Ding repeatedly instructed Fu Hao to conduct special rituals and offer sacrifices. This was very unusual for woman of that time and shows that the king must have had great confidence in his wife. The sacrificial bronze vessels and tortoise shells inscribed prepared by Fu Hao discovered in her tomb further evidence her status as high priestess and oracle caster.\nShe also controlled her own fiefdom on the borders of the empire and was the mother of Prince Jie (oracle bone inscriptions show concern for her well-being at the time of the birth). She died before King Wu Ding and he constructed a tomb for her on the edge of the royal cemetery at his capital Yin. The King later made many sacrifices here in hope for her spiritual assistance in defeating the attacking Gong who threatened to completely wipe out the Shang.The tomb was unearthed by archaeologists in 1976 and is now open to the public.

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